Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Biotechnology principles and Processes Notes (Short and Handwritten Notes PDF)

Hi students,

If you are a class 12 student and looking for a nice and simple notes for chapter 9 “Biotechnology principles and processes” then you are at the right place. This chapter is very important for board exams, and our notes will make your preparation extremely easy.

These notes are specially created by analyzing NCERT latest syllabus and last 10 years board exam question papers.

In this article, we have given complete notes of Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Biotechnology principles and processes (NCERT Class 12 Biology). In this note, every point is written in easy language so that you can understand this lesson easily. This note is based on NCERT. That is, this note is useful for all those children who study NCERT in English medium.

Here we have given the Notes in PDF format which you can download so that you can print it and save your time. To download, click on the given Download PDF link.

Biotechnology Principles and Processes Notes PDF Download

Important topics covered in the notes

• Principles of Biotechnology
  • Genetic Engineering.
  • Bioprocess Engineering.
• Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
• Restriction Enzymes
• Cloning Vectors
  • Plasmids (e.g., pBR322).
• Competent Host (For Transformation with Recombinant DNA)
• Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology
  • Isolation of the Genetic Material (DNA)
  • Cutting of DNA at Specific Locations
  • Amplification of Gene of Interest using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
  • Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host Cell/Organism
  • Obtaining the Foreign Gene Product
  • Downstream Processing

Biotechnology Principles and Processes – Lesson Summary

1. Biotechnology: It can be defined as- ‘The integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services’
2. Principles of biotechnology:
   • Genetic engineering
   • Maintenance of sterile conditions
3. Tools of recombinant DNA technology
   • Restriction enzymes: Restriction enzymes are called as molecular scissors because these enzymes cut DNA at specific sites.
4. Cloning vectors: A cloning vector is a small piece of DNA, taken from any organism into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for cloning purposes
5. Competent host: Since DNA is a hydrophilic molecule, it cannot pass through cell membranes so the bacterial cells must first be made ‘competent’ to take up DNA.
6. Isolation of the Genetic Material (DNA): The cells are broken and opened to release DNA along with other macromolecules such as RNA, proteins, polysaccharides and also lipids which can be achieved by treating the cells with enzymes such as lysozyme (bacteria), cellulase (plant cells), chitinase (fungus)
7. Cutting of DNA at Specific Location: Restriction enzyme digestions are performed by incubating purified DNA molecules with the restriction enzyme, at the optimal conditions for that specific enzyme which results in the fragments of DNA.
8. PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction
9. Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host Cell/Organism Recipient cells after making them ‘competent’ to receive, take up DNA present in its surroundings
10. Obtaining the Foreign Gene Product: The foreign gene when gets expressed under appropriate conditions, produces desirable proteins.

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