Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 Ecosystem Notes (Short and Handwritten Notes PDF)

Hi students,

If you are a class 12 student and looking for a nice and simple notes for chapter 12 “Ecosystem” then you are at the right place. This chapter is very important for board exams, and our notes will make your preparation extremely easy.

These notes are specially created by analyzing NCERT latest syllabus and last 10 years board exam question papers.

In this article, we have given complete notes of Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 Ecosystem(NCERT Class 12 Biology). In this note, every point is written in easy language so that you can understand this lesson easily. This note is based on NCERT. That is, this note is useful for all those children who study NCERT in English medium.

Here we have given the Notes in PDF format which you can download so that you can print it and save your time. To download, click on the given Download PDF link.

Ecosystem Notes PDF Download

Important topics covered in the notes

• Ecosystem–Structure and Function
  • Components of an ecosystem (Biotic and Abiotic).
• Productivity
  • Primary Production (Gross Primary Productivity – GPP and Net Primary Productivity – NPP).
  • Secondary Productivity.
• Decomposition
  • Detritus.
  • Steps in decomposition (Fragmentation, Leaching, Catabolism, Humification, Mineralisation).
  • Factors affecting decomposition.
• Energy Flow
  • Food Chain.
  • Food Web.
  • Trophic Levels and the 10% Law.
• Ecological Pyramids
  • Pyramid of Numbers.
  • Pyramid of Biomass.
  • Pyramid of Energy.
• Ecological Succession
  • Definition of succession.
  • Primary and Secondary Succession.
  • Succession of Plants (Hydrarch and Xerarch succession).
• Nutrient Cycling
  • Gaseous and Sedimentary cycles.
• Carbon Cycle
• Phosphorus Cycle
• Ecosystem Services
  • Services provided by ecosystems.

Ecosystem Notes – lesson summary

1. Ecosystem is the interaction of living things among themselves and with their surrounding environment.
2. The various aspects taken into consideration to study the functioning of ecosystem are:
   • Productivity
   • Decomposition
   • Energy flow
   • Nutrient cycling
3. Productivity-A constant supply of sunlight is required for the proper functioning of any ecosystem.
4. Decomposition-It is the process of breakdown of complex organic matter into inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide, water, nutrients, etc
5. Energy Flow-The Sun is the sole source of energy for all ecosystems on the earth.
6. Ecological Pyramids-The energy relationship between the different trophic levels is represented by the ecological pyramids
7. Ecological Succession-The composition of all ecosystems keeps on changing with change in their environment. These changes finally lead to the climax community.
8. Nutrient Cycling-The amount of nutrients present in the soil at a given time is known as the standing state.
9. Sedimentary− Reservoirs for these types of cycles exist in the earth’s crust.
10. Phosphorus Cycle-Phosphorus is an important constituent of cell membranes, nucleic acids, and cellular energy transfer systems

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